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In molecular biology mir-221 microRNA (and it's paralogue, mir-222) is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms.
mir-221 is an oncogenic microRNA. It targets CD117, which then prevents cell migration and proliferation in endothelial cells. miR-221 is known as an anti angiogenic miRNA. Recent important studies have reported that miR-221 is also involved in induction of angiogenesis. RNA induced Silencing Complex (RISC) proteins SND1 and AEG-1 induces miR-221 expression in Liver cancer. In liver cancer miR-221 induces the tumor angiogenesis.
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In molecular biology mir-221 microRNA (and it's paralogue, mir-222) is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms.
mir-221 is an oncogenic microRNA.[1] It targets CD117, which then prevents cell migration and proliferation in endothelial cells.[2][3] miR-221 is known as an anti angiogenic miRNA.[4][5] Recent important studies have reported that miR-221 is also involved in induction of angiogenesis.[6][7][8] RNA induced Silencing Complex (RISC) proteins SND1 and AEG-1 induces miR-221 expression in Liver cancer.[9] In liver cancer miR-221 induces the tumor angiogenesis.[6]
See also [edit]
References [edit]
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- ^ Urbich C, Kuehbacher A, Dimmeler S (2008). "Role of microRNAs in vascular diseases, inflammation, and angiogenesis". Cardiovasc Res 79 (4): 581–8. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvn156. PMID 18550634.
- ^ a b Santhekadur PK, Das SK, Gredler R, Chen D, Srivastava J, Robertson C, Baldwin AS, Fisher PB, Sarkar D (2012). "Multifunction protein staphylococcal nuclease domain containing 1 (SND1) promotes tumor angiogenesis in human hepatocellular carcinoma through novel pathway that involves nuclear factor κB and miR-221". J Biol Chem 287 (17): 13952–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.321646. PMC 3340184. PMID 22396537.
- ^ Nicoli S, Knyphausen CP, Zhu LJ, Lakshmanan A, Lawson ND (2012). "miR-221 is required for endothelial tip cell behaviors during vascular development". Dev Cell 22 (2): 418–29. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2012.01.008. PMC 3285411. PMID 22340502.
- ^ Le Bot, Nathalie (2). "MicroRNAs in angiogenesis". Nat Cell Biol. 14 (4): 342. doi:10.1038/ncb2484.
- ^ Yoo BK, Santhekadur PK, Gredler R, Chen D, Emdad L, Bhutia S, Pannell L, Fisher PB, Sarkar D (2011). "Increased RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) activity contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma". Hepatology 53 (5): 1538–48. doi:10.1002/hep.24216. PMC 3081619. PMID 21520169.
Further reading [edit]
- Zhang C, Zhang J, Zhang A, Wang Y, Han L, You Y, Pu P, Kang C (2010). "PUMA is a novel target of miR-221/222 in human epithelial cancers". Int J Oncol 37 (6): 1621–6. PMID 21042732.
- Pu XX, Huang GL, Guo HQ, Guo CC, Li H, Ye S, Ling S, Jiang L, Tian Y, Lin TY (2010). "Circulating miR-221 directly amplified from plasma is a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker of colorectal cancer and is correlated with p53 expression". J Gastroenterol Hepatol 25 (10): 1674–80. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06417.x. PMID 20880178.
- Kedde M, van Kouwenhove M, Zwart W, Oude Vrielink JA, Elkon R, Agami R (2010). "A Pumilio-induced RNA structure switch in p27-3' UTR controls miR-221 and miR-222 accessibility". Nat Cell Biol 12 (10): 1014–20. doi:10.1038/ncb2105. PMID 20818387.
- Zhang CZ, Zhang JX, Zhang AL, Shi ZD, Han L, Jia ZF, Yang WD, Wang GX, Jiang T, You YP, Pu PY, Cheng JQ, Kang CS (2010). "MiR-221 and miR-222 target PUMA to induce cell survival in glioblastoma". Mol Cancer 9: 229. doi:10.1186/1476-4598-9-229. PMC 2939570. PMID 20813046.
- Dai R, Li J, Liu Y, Yan D, Chen S, Duan C, Liu X, He T, Li H (2010). "miR-221/222 suppression protects against endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis via p27(Kip1)- and MEK/ERK-mediated cell cycle regulation". Biol Chem 391 (7): 791–801. doi:10.1515/BC.2010.072. PMID 20624000.
- Chun-Zhi Z, Lei H, An-Ling Z, Yan-Chao F, Xiao Y, Guang-Xiu W, Zhi-Fan J, Pei-Yu P, Qing-Yu Z, Chun-Sheng K (2010). "MicroRNA-221 and microRNA-222 regulate gastric carcinoma cell proliferation and radioresistance by targeting PTEN". BMC Cancer 10: 367. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-10-367. PMC 2914702. PMID 20618998.
- Kim D, Song J, Jin EJ (2010). "MicroRNA-221 regulates chondrogenic differentiation through promoting proteosomal degradation of slug by targeting Mdm2". J Biol Chem 285 (35): 26900–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.115105. PMC 2930689. PMID 20576614.
- Das SK, Sokhi UK, Bhutia SK, Azab B, Su ZZ, Sarkar D, Fisher PB (2010). "Human polynucleotide phosphorylase selectively and preferentially degrades microRNA-221 in human melanoma cells". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107 (26): 11948–53. doi:10.1073/pnas.0914143107. PMC 2900648. PMID 20547861.
- Chen Y, Banda M, Speyer CL, Smith JS, Rabson AB, Gorski DH (2010). "Regulation of the expression and activity of the antiangiogenic homeobox gene GAX/MEOX2 by ZEB2 and microRNA-221". Mol Cell Biol 30 (15): 3902–13. doi:10.1128/MCB.01237-09. PMC 2916411. PMID 20516212.
- Wurz K, Garcia RL, Goff BA, Mitchell PS, Lee JH, Tewari M, Swisher EM (2010). "MiR-221 and MiR-222 alterations in sporadic ovarian carcinoma: Relationship to CDKN1B, CDKNIC and overall survival". Genes Chromosomes Cancer 49 (7): 577–84. doi:10.1002/gcc.20768. PMC 2869465. PMID 20461750.
- Zhang C, Han L, Zhang A, Yang W, Zhou X, Pu P, Du Y, Zeng H, Kang C (2010). "Global changes of mRNA expression reveals an increased activity of the interferon-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway by repression of miR-221/222 in glioblastoma U251 cells". Int J Oncol 36 (6): 1503–12. PMID 20428775.
- Gabbianelli M, Testa U, Morsilli O, Pelosi E, Saulle E, Petrucci E, Castelli G, Giovinazzi S, Mariani G, Fiori ME, Bonanno G, Massa A, Croce CM, Fontana L, Peschle C (2010). "Mechanism of human Hb switching: a possible role of the kit receptor/miR 221-222 complex". Haematologica 95 (8): 1253–60. doi:10.3324/haematol.2009.018259. PMC 2913072. PMID 20305142.
- Frenquelli M, Muzio M, Scielzo C, Fazi C, Scarfò L, Rossi C, Ferrari G, Ghia P, Caligaris-Cappio F (2010). "MicroRNA and proliferation control in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: functional relationship between miR-221/222 cluster and p27". Blood 115 (19): 3949–59. doi:10.1182/blood-2009-11-254656. PMID 20203269.
- Zhang J, Han L, Ge Y, Zhou X, Zhang A, Zhang C, Zhong Y, You Y, Pu P, Kang C (2010). "miR-221/222 promote malignant progression of glioma through activation of the Akt pathway". Int J Oncol 36 (4): 913–20. PMID 20198336.
- Fu X, Wang Q, Chen J, Huang X, Chen X, Cao L, Tan H, Li W, Zhang L, Bi J, Su Q, Chen L (2010). "Clinical significance of miR-221 and its inverse correlation with p27(Kip1) in hepatocellular carcinoma". Mol Biol Rep 38 (5): 3029–3035. doi:10.1007/s11033-010-9969-5. PMID 20146005.
- Hu G, Gong AY, Liu J, Zhou R, Deng C, Chen XM (2010). "miR-221 suppresses ICAM-1 translation and regulates interferon-gamma-induced ICAM-1 expression in human cholangiocytes". Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 298 (4): G542–50. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00490.2009. PMC 2853302. PMID 20110463.
- Zhao P, Fu Z, You YP, Lu XM, Lu AL, Liu N (2009). "[Construction and screening an effective anti-miR-221 RNAi vector in vitro]". Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 40 (6): 973–7. PMID 20067101.
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- Sredni ST, Bonaldo Mde F, Costa FF, Huang CC, Hamm CA, Rajaram V, Tomita T, Goldman S, Bischof JM, Soares MB (2010). "Upregulation of mir-221 and mir-222 in atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors: potential therapeutic targets". Childs Nerv Syst 26 (3): 279–83. doi:10.1007/s00381-009-1028-y. PMID 20012062.
- Garofalo M, Di Leva G, Romano G, Nuovo G, Suh SS, Ngankeu A, Taccioli C, Pichiorri F, Alder H, Secchiero P, Gasparini P, Gonelli A, Costinean S, Acunzo M, Condorelli G, Croce CM (2009). "miR-221&222 regulate TRAIL resistance and enhance tumorigenicity through PTEN and TIMP3 downregulation". Cancer Cell 16 (6): 498–509. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2009.10.014. PMC 2796583. PMID 19962668.
- Zhang C, Wang G, Kang C, Du Y, Pu P (2009). "[Up-regulation of p27(kip1) by miR-221/222 antisense oligonucleotides enhances the radiosensitivity of U251 glioblastoma]". Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi 26 (6): 634–8. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1003-9406.2009.06.006. PMID 19953484.
- Cardinali B, Castellani L, Fasanaro P, Basso A, Alemà S, Martelli F, Falcone G (2009). "Microrna-221 and microrna-222 modulate differentiation and maturation of skeletal muscle cells". In Ng, Irene Oi-Lin. PLoS ONE 4 (10): e7607. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007607. PMC 2762614. PMID 19859555.
- Lu Q, Lu C, Zhou GP, Zhang W, Xiao H, Wang XR (2009). "MicroRNA-221 silencing predisposed human bladder cancer cells to undergo apoptosis induced by TRAIL". Urol Oncol 28 (6): 635–41. doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2009.06.005. PMID 19767219.
- Kotani A, Ha D, Hsieh J, Rao PK, Schotte D, den Boer ML, Armstrong SA, Lodish HF (2009). "miR-128b is a potent glucocorticoid sensitizer in MLL-AF4 acute lymphocytic leukemia cells and exerts cooperative effects with miR-221". Blood 114 (19): 4169–78. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-12-191619. PMC 2774553. PMID 19749093.
- Gramantieri L, Fornari F, Ferracin M, Veronese A, Sabbioni S, Calin GA, Grazi GL, Croce CM, Bolondi L, Negrini M (2009). "MicroRNA-221 targets Bmf in hepatocellular carcinoma and correlates with tumor multifocality". Clin Cancer Res 15 (16): 5073–81. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0092. PMID 19671867.
- Sun T, Yang M, Kantoff P, Lee GS (2009). "Role of microRNA-221/-222 in cancer development and progression". Cell Cycle 8 (15): 2315–6. doi:10.4161/cc.8.15.9221. PMID 19625765.
- Spahn M, Kneitz S, Scholz CJ, Stenger N, Rüdiger T, Ströbel P, Riedmiller H, Kneitz B (2010). "Expression of microRNA-221 is progressively reduced in aggressive prostate cancer and metastasis and predicts clinical recurrence". Int J Cancer 127 (2): 394–403. doi:10.1002/ijc.24715. PMID 19585579.
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- Minami Y, Satoh M, Maesawa C, Takahashi Y, Tabuchi T, Itoh T, Nakamura M (2009). "Effect of atorvastatin on microRNA 221 / 222 expression in endothelial progenitor cells obtained from patients with coronary artery disease". Eur J Clin Invest 39 (5): 359–67. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02110.x. PMID 19371267.
- Sun T, Wang Q, Balk S, Brown M, Lee GS, Kantoff P (2009). "The role of microRNA-221 and microRNA-222 in androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines". Cancer Res 69 (8): 3356–63. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-4112. PMC 2703812. PMID 19351832.
- Li Y, Song YH, Li F, Yang T, Lu YW, Geng YJ (2009). "MicroRNA-221 regulates high glucose-induced endothelial dysfunction". Biochem Biophys Res Commun 381 (1): 81–3. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.02.013. PMC 2670889. PMID 19351599.
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